Caregiving for Older and Disabled People

Who it is for. Beginners with no formal certificate, including school leavers, family carers, women's and men's groups and persons with disabilities. National Proficiency I is the first level of Ghana's TVET framework.

Why caregiving

• Ghana's people aged 60 and above rose from 213,477 in 1960 to 1,991,736 in the 2021 census, and the number is projected to reach 5.7 million by 2050.
• A WHO estimate from 2015 said 50% of people aged 65 to 75 and 65% of people over 75 needed some help with daily activities.
• In a survey of Ghanaians over 50, 33% reported high blood pressure, 14% arthritis, 7% diabetes and 4.9% treatment for stroke.
• Most care in Ghana falls on family members. Home care agencies have worked in Accra since the 1990s and employ young women and some young men with secondary school education.
• Researchers at ISSER (University of Ghana) call the care economy an "untapped frontier for mass employment", and say elder care is still mostly unpaid family work that can push women to leave their jobs.
• Training is starting to grow: the KNUST Wellness Centre graduated its first cohort of a short course in caregiving for the elderly in 2026, accredited by the Nursing and Midwifery Council for CPD points.

How the module works

Each unit has learning outcomes, performance criteria, the range and the evidence your assessor needs. You are judged Competent or Not Yet Competent. About 70% of the time is practical, following CTVET's Oil Palm programme split of about 30% school and 70% workplace.

Where the guidance comes from. Ghana has no published national carer standard that this research could find. Where Ghana guidance was missing, this book uses international guides and labels them: WHO (World Health Organization), the UK National Health Service (NHS), the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and St John Ambulance. Their advice about bodies and safety applies in Ghana too, but their phone numbers and laws do not: in Ghana the emergency number is 112.

Honesty rule. Numbers marked example were invented to teach the method. Where a Ghana fact could not be found, the book says not verified.

Competency standard

Range. Older people and persons with physical, sensory or learning disabilities, at home or in a care home. Evidence. "About me" sheet completed with a partner; role-play of asking consent; oral questions on limits and abuse.

What a carer does

A carer helps with the activities of daily living: washing, dressing, using the toilet, eating and drinking, moving about, keeping the room clean and safe, company and conversation, and getting to appointments. A carer also watches for changes and tells the family, nurse or doctor.

Person-centred care: the person first

Person-centred care means the care fits the person, not the other way round. WHO's ICOPE programme for older people aims to prevent, slow or manage declines in physical and mental capacity through person-centred, coordinated care.

The "About me" sheet

Every person you care for should have a one-page "About me" sheet, kept in their home:

Dignity and privacy

Consent

Ask, explain and wait for "yes" before every task. If the person says no, do not force them. Try again later or another way, and record it. If the person cannot decide (for example in late dementia), follow the care plan agreed with the family and the nurse, and record what you did.

Your limits: carer or nurse?

Abuse and neglect: know the signs

Abuse of older people is common. WHO says about 1 in 6 people aged 60 and over (15.7%) suffered some form of abuse in community settings in the past year. In the community, the most common forms reported were psychological (11.6%), financial (6.8%), neglect (4.2%), physical (2.6%) and sexual (0.9%). People who depend on others, have a disability, poor health or memory problems are more at risk.

Ghana's Persons with Disability Act says no one shall discriminate against, exploit or subject a person with disability to abusive or degrading treatment. The Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection says it will strengthen measures against neglect, abuse and exploitation of older persons, including through the Orange Support Centre.

What you do if you suspect abuse:

1. If the person is in danger now, call 112.
2. Listen calmly. Do not promise to keep it secret.
3. Write down what you saw and heard, with the date and time, in their words.
4. Tell your supervisor or the agency owner the same day. If the supervisor is the problem, tell a nurse, the family member in charge, or the police.
5. Do not investigate yourself or confront the person you suspect.

(Teaching steps based on WHO's advice that helplines and multidisciplinary teams are among the promising responses; a Ghana reporting procedure for carers was not verified: ask your Assembly's Department of Social Welfare.)

Check yourself

1. What does "person-centred care" mean in one sentence?
2. Name three things a carer must never do.
3. What is the first thing you do if a person is in danger of abuse right now?

Competency standard

Range. One person at home or a training partner; real or practice soiling (use coloured water or porridge, never real body fluids). Evidence. Hand-washing check with a timer; observed bed bath on a partner; glove removal check; personal care record.

Hand hygiene: how long and when

WHO teaches two ways to clean hands:

• Soap and water: the whole procedure takes 40–60 seconds. Use it when hands are visibly dirty.
• Alcohol handrub: the whole procedure takes 20–30 seconds. Use it when hands are not visibly dirty. Let hands dry completely before putting on gloves.

Steps for washing (soap and water):

1. Wet hands with clean running water (a veronica bucket with a tap works well).
2. Put on enough liquid soap to cover all surfaces.
3. Rub palm to palm.
4. Right palm over the back of the left hand with fingers interlaced, then the other side.
5. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced.
6. Backs of fingers to the opposite palm with fingers locked.
7. Rub each thumb, held in the other hand.
8. Rub fingertips in the opposite palm, both hands.
9. Rinse well.
10. Dry with a clean, single-use towel or a clean towel kept only for you; turn off the tap with the towel.

(Steps follow the WHO technique poster in the brochure.)

Your five moments. WHO's "5 moments" are adapted here for home care:

1. Before touching the person.
2. Before a clean task (for example mouth care, helping with eye drops that are on the care plan, preparing food).
3. After any risk of body fluids (urine, stool, vomit, spit, blood) and after taking off gloves.
4. After touching the person.
5. After touching things around the person (bed, chair, commode), even if you did not touch them.

Gloves and aprons

Gloves do not replace clean hands. Clean your hands before you put gloves on and after you take them off; throw gloves away after each task, because gloves carry germs too. Wear examination gloves when you may touch blood, body fluids, broken skin or soiled items.

Taking gloves off without touching the outside:

1. Pinch the outside of one glove at the wrist; peel it off, turning it inside out.
2. Hold it in the gloved hand.
3. Slide two bare fingers inside the wrist of the other glove; peel it off over the first.
4. Drop both in the bin with a lid.
5. Clean your hands.

Where to buy. Examination gloves were listed on Jiji Ghana at about GH¢35–55 a box or pack in October 2026, pack size often not stated. Plastic aprons, liquid soap and handrub are sold at pharmacies, chemical sellers and medical supply shops.

Keeping the home clean

Personal care step by step

Before any personal care: check the care plan; gather everything first (two basins, soap, two flannels, towels, clean clothes, gloves, apron, lotion, a clean diaper if used); close the door; make the room warm; clean your hands; explain and ask.

Bed bath (for a person who cannot get to the bathroom)

1. Fill one basin with warm water. Test it with your wrist or elbow; it should feel warm, not hot. Ask the person how it feels.
2. Cover the person with a towel or cloth. Uncover only the part you are washing.
3. Face first, with clean water and no soap unless they like it: eyes from the inner corner outwards, a clean part of the flannel for each eye.
4. Then arms and hands, chest and tummy, legs and feet. Wash, rinse and pat dry each part. Dry well between fingers, toes and under breasts and skin folds.
5. Change the water and use a second flannel for the private parts and bottom. Wash front to back for women.
6. Turn the person onto their side (see Unit 3) to wash the back and bottom. Look at the skin on the hips, tailbone, heels and elbows (see Unit 3).
7. Put on clean clothes, from the weak or painful side first; take clothes off from the strong side first.
8. Comb hair; offer lotion for dry skin (not between toes).
9. Clear up, clean your hands, record what you did and what you saw.

Mouth care

1. Sit the person upright.
2. With gloves on, brush teeth and gums gently with a soft brush and a small amount of toothpaste, twice a day.
3. Dentures: take them out, brush them over a basin of water (so they do not break if dropped), rinse, and store in a labelled pot with clean water at night.
4. Check for sores, white patches or broken teeth and report them.

Toilet help

1. Offer the toilet regularly, after meals and before sleep; do not wait to be asked.
2. Give privacy: stay close if they might fall, but turn away or step outside the curtain.
3. Commode or bedpan: help them on safely (Unit 3), leave the call bell or whistle within reach.
4. Help them wipe front to back; wash and dry the skin.
5. Look at the urine and stool before you empty it: colour, blood, very dark urine, very hard or very loose stool. Report changes.
6. Empty into the toilet, rinse, clean the pot, clean your hands.

Adult diapers ("pampers"). Use only if needed and agreed; change promptly when wet or soiled; wash and dry the skin at every change. On Jiji Ghana in October 2026 adult diapers were advertised from about GH¢120 to GH¢160 for packs of about 10 pieces, and GH¢320 for a 34-count pack.

Check yourself

1. How long should hand-washing with soap and water take, according to WHO?
2. Name the five moments for hand hygiene in home care.
3. In a bed bath, why do you use a second flannel and fresh water for the private parts?

Competency standard

Range. A training partner in a bed and a chair; a wheelchair and commode if available. Evidence. Observed moves; home hazard checklist; turning chart; oral questions.

Why it matters

• Back injuries are the most common injuries carers get, and lifting the wrong way can also hurt the person, tear fragile skin or cause bruising.
• If you lift or move someone regularly, get training or have a health professional show you the right techniques.

Good handling technique

The UK Health and Safety Executive teaches these steps for handling loads. With people, use them only for small helping movements, never for carrying a person.

1. Think before you handle: plan, and ask if you need help or equipment.
2. Keep the load close to your waist.
3. Stand stable: feet apart, one leg slightly forward.
4. Get a good hold.
5. Bend slightly at your back, hips and knees at the start; do not stoop or squat deeply.
6. Do not bend your back further as you move.
7. Do not twist your back or lean sideways; turn by moving your feet.
8. Keep your head up.
9. Move smoothly; no jerking.
10. Do not handle more than you can easily manage.
11. Put down, then adjust.

Lifts you must NEVER do

A UK health board (NHS Fife) bans these manual lifts because they carry a high risk of injury to both carers and patients:

• Drag lift: lifting or pulling a person up by hooking your hands or arms under their armpits.
• Australian (shoulder) lift.
• Orthodox or cradle lift: two carers making a "chair" with their arms.
• Neck hold: the person puts their arms around your neck.
• Through-arm lift (top and tail).

The same guidance says that in almost all situations, full-body lifting can be replaced by hoists, stand aids, slide sheets or small handling equipment.

Helping someone sit up in bed (they can help)

1. Explain and ask. Lower the bed head or take away extra pillows.
2. Ask the person to bend their knees and put their feet flat on the bed.
3. Ask them to tuck in their chin and hold the edge of the bed or a bed rail.
4. On "ready, steady, push", they push with their feet and you guide at the shoulder and hip. Do not pull their arm.
5. Put the pillows back so their head and back are supported.

Turning someone onto their side (log roll for beginners)

1. Two carers if the person cannot help. Bed at your waist height if it can be raised.
2. Explain. Cross the person's arms over their chest; cross the far ankle over the near one (rolling them towards you), or bend the far knee.
3. Put one hand on their far shoulder and one on their far hip.
4. On a count, roll them gently towards you onto their side. You stay on the side they roll to, so they cannot fall out.
5. Support with pillows behind the back and between the knees. Make sure the lower arm is not trapped and the ear is not folded.

From sitting to standing, and bed to chair

1. Check the chair: firm, with arms, brakes on if it has wheels, placed at a slight angle to the bed on the person's strong side.
2. Ask the person to shuffle to the edge of the bed, feet flat on the floor, slightly apart; shoes or non-slip sandals on.
3. Ask them to lean forward ("nose over toes") and push up with their hands on the bed or chair arms.
4. You stand at their side, one foot forward, a hand on their back and hip; guide, do not lift.
5. Once standing, let them get their balance. Ask "Are you dizzy?" If yes, sit them back down.
6. They take small steps and turn until the chair touches the back of their legs, reach back for the arms, and sit slowly.

Equipment

Slide sheets, transfer boards, stand aids and hoists make moves safer; ask a physiotherapist or occupational therapist before you buy, and try equipment before buying. On Jiji Ghana in October 2026: commode chairs about GH¢400–2,500; commode wheelchairs about GH¢1,350–2,500; a mobile patient hoist about GH¢12,300. All listings seen were in Greater Accra; ask Takoradi medical supply shops for local prices.

Preventing falls

About 684,000 people die from falls each year worldwide, more than 80% of them in low- and middle-income countries, and adults over 60 have the highest number of fatal falls. Risks include loss of balance, poor mobility, poor eyesight, side effects of medicines, and unsafe surroundings. Exercise and balance training and home safety changes help prevent falls.

Home hazard check:

If someone falls:

1. Stay calm. Do not rush to pull them up.
2. Check for danger, then ask "Where does it hurt?" Look for bleeding, pain, a bent leg, or a hurt head.
3. If they are hurt, cannot move, hit their head, are confused, or you are not sure: keep them still and warm with a cloth, and call 112 and the nurse or family.
4. If they are not hurt and can help themselves: let them rest, then guide them to roll onto their side, get onto hands and knees, and use a firm chair to get up slowly, with you guiding. Never lift them from the floor yourself.
5. Record the fall and tell the family or nurse the same day, even if they say they are fine.

Skin care and pressure sores

What they are. Pressure ulcers (pressure sores, bed sores) are damage to the skin and the tissue under it. They usually form over bony areas such as the heels, elbows, hips and tailbone.

Who is at risk. People who have problems moving, have had a pressure ulcer before, are underweight, have swollen, sweaty or broken skin, poor circulation, fragile skin, or reduced feeling.

Early signs to look for every day:

• A patch of discoloured skin that does not change colour when you press it. On black or brown skin it may look purple or blue; on white skin it looks red.
• A patch that feels warm, spongy or hard.
• Pain or itching there.

UK NICE guidance also warns that on darker skin the early damage may show only as a colour change, so look and feel carefully.

Prevention.

• Change position. NICE guidance (UK) says adults at risk should change position at least every 6 hours, and adults at high risk at least every 4 hours; help those who cannot move themselves. The nurse or care plan may ask you to turn more often. Follow the care plan.
• Do not massage or rub skin to prevent pressure sores.
• Keep skin clean and dry; change wet pads promptly.
• Use special mattresses and cushions where advised. Ripple air mattresses with a pump were advertised on Jiji Ghana at about GH¢440–850 in October 2026.
• Keep heels off the bed with a pillow under the calves (not under the heel).
• Good food and enough drinks (Unit 4); stay active if possible.

The turning chart

Check yourself

1. Name two lifts you must never use.
2. On black or brown skin, what colour may early pressure damage look?
3. A person has fallen and hit their head. What do you do?

Competency standard

Range. A training partner and a meal; a food and fluid chart for one day. Evidence. Observed assisted meal; completed chart; oral questions.

Safe food

Prepare food with WHO's five keys: keep clean; separate raw and cooked; cook thoroughly; keep food at safe temperatures; use safe water and raw materials. Follow any special diet the nurse or doctor has given (for example less salt for high blood pressure, or controlled sugar for diabetes). Do not invent a diet yourself.

Helping someone to eat

1. Offer the toilet and hand-washing first. Clean your own hands.
2. Make sure glasses, hearing aids and dentures are in.
3. Sit the person upright, in a chair if possible, or well propped up in bed. Never feed someone lying flat.
4. Sit at their eye level, beside them, not standing over them.
5. Tell them what the food is. Let them do what they can: cut food small; a plate with a raised edge or a spoon with a thick handle helps.
6. Small spoonfuls. Wait until each mouthful is swallowed before the next. Do not rush; talk gently.
7. Offer drinks during the meal.
8. Keep them upright for a while after eating.
9. Wipe the mouth, clean up, record how much they ate and drank.

Local foods that are easy to eat (soft and moist): light soup with soft fish, mashed kontomire stew with soft rice, oats or tom brown porridge, mashed ripe plantain, kenkey with soft stew, fruit like pawpaw or banana. Avoid dry, hard or crumbly food for someone who struggles to chew, and remove fish bones carefully.

Warning signs of a swallowing problem (dysphagia)

Signs include coughing or choking when eating or drinking, and food coming back up, sometimes through the nose; over time there may be weight loss and repeated chest infections. Stroke and dementia are among the causes.

If you see these signs: stop feeding, sit the person upright, let them cough, and report the same day. A speech and language therapist or nurse should assess them. Do not change food texture or thicken drinks on your own; follow their instructions.

Drinks and dehydration

Older adults are more at risk of dehydration. Signs include dark yellow, strong-smelling urine, feeling dizzy or lightheaded, a dry mouth, lips and tongue, and peeing less often than usual. Confusion or being unusually sleepy and hard to wake are emergency signs: call the nurse or 112.

The food and fluid chart

Record what was offered and what was taken, in ml for drinks (use a measuring cup to learn how much your client's cup holds).

Check yourself

1. Why must a person sit upright to eat?
2. Name three signs of a swallowing problem.
3. Name three signs of dehydration.

Competency standard

Range. Role-plays with partners; one real conversation with an older person (with permission). Evidence. Observed role-plays; self-care plan; oral questions.

Good communication with everyone

What dementia is

About 57 million people worldwide were living with dementia in 2021, over 60% of them in low- and middle-income countries, with nearly 10 million new cases a year. Alzheimer disease may contribute to 60–70% of cases. Age is the strongest risk factor, but dementia is not a normal part of ageing.

Signs:

• Early: forgetting recent events, misplacing things, getting lost in familiar places, losing track of time, trouble finding words; mood changes such as anxiety, sadness or anger can come before memory problems.
• Later: needing more help with personal care, not recognising family, trouble walking, losing control of bladder and bowel, trouble eating and drinking, and distressing behaviour such as aggression.

Talking with someone who has dementia

The NHS (UK) gives these tips:

When the person is upset or confused (teaching tips):

1. Stay calm; lower your voice; do not argue or correct ("You are wrong, your mother died years ago").
2. Look for a cause: pain, hunger, thirst, a full bladder, being too hot, noise, fear.
3. Reassure: "You are safe. I am here."
4. Change the subject or activity: a song, a walk in the compound, looking at photos, folding cloths.
5. Keep a steady daily routine; use a clock and a calendar; label doors with words and pictures.
6. If the person is aggressive, step back to a safe distance, keep yourself safe, and call for help. Record what happened and what helped.

Caring for yourself

Caring is hard work. WHO says informal carers of people with dementia give an average of 5 hours of care and supervision a day, and women provide 70% of care hours. Carers need support, regular breaks, and attention to their own health and stress. WHO's free iSupport manual for dementia carers has a whole module on caring for yourself.

Signs of carer stress (burnout): always tired; poor sleep; short-tempered; crying easily; headaches or back pain; feeling alone; not enjoying things you used to enjoy.

Your self-care plan:

Check yourself

1. Name three early signs of dementia.
2. A person with dementia becomes angry in the evening. Name two causes you check first.
3. Name three signs that you, the carer, are becoming stressed.

Competency standard

Range. Simulated emergencies on a partner or manikin; daily records for one practice shift. Evidence. Observed simulations; a practice 112 call; daily notes and an incident report.

Ghana's emergency number: 112

Since 28 January 2020, 112 is Ghana's general emergency number for police, fire and ambulance, on all networks; calls go to a central command centre that routes them to the right service. Save it in your phone and the client's phone, with the nurse's and family's numbers.

What to say on the phone:

1. "I need an ambulance."
2. Where: town, area, nearest landmark, house colour, GhanaPost digital address if known.
3. What: "An old woman, about 80, has collapsed and is breathing" (or "is not breathing").
4. Your name and phone number.
5. Stay on the line and do what the call handler says.

Stroke: think FAST

The NHS (UK) uses FAST:

• Face: one side of the face may droop; they may not be able to smile.
• Arms: one arm may be weak or numb; they cannot lift both arms and keep them up.
• Speech: slurred or confused speech.
• Time: call the emergency number at once (in Ghana 112).

Other signs include sudden weakness or numbness down one side, blurred vision or sight loss, confusion, dizziness or falling, and a sudden severe headache. Call even if the signs stop after a short time. Note the time the signs started and tell the ambulance. Give nothing to eat or drink.

Heart attack

Signs include chest pain that may feel like crushing or squeezing and can spread to the arm, neck or jaw; shortness of breath; feeling sick; sweating; and pale, blue or grey skin. Call 112, help the person sit in a comfortable position, loosen tight clothing and stay with them. Do not give any medicine unless the emergency call handler, nurse or doctor tells you to; this keeps to the hard gate.

Choking (adult)

St John Ambulance teaches:

1. Ask "Are you choking?" If they can cough or speak, encourage them to keep coughing.
2. If they cannot breathe, cough or make a noise: lean them forward, support their chest, and give up to five sharp back blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. Check the mouth after each.
3. If that fails: stand behind them, put your arms around the waist, place a clenched fist between the belly button and the bottom of the ribcage, grasp it with the other hand and pull sharply inwards and upwards up to five times. Check the mouth after each.
4. If it is still blocked, call 112 and repeat five back blows and five abdominal thrusts until help arrives.
5. If they become unresponsive, prepare for CPR (taught in a first aid course).

Practise these movements only in mime on a partner. Never do real back blows or thrusts on a partner. Anyone who has had abdominal thrusts should be checked by a nurse or doctor (teaching advice).

Unresponsive but breathing: the recovery position

St John Ambulance steps:

1. Kneel beside them; straighten their legs; remove glasses and bulky items from pockets.
2. Place the arm nearest you at a right angle to the body, elbow bent, palm up.
3. Bring the other arm across the chest and hold the back of that hand against their cheek nearest you.
4. Pull up the far knee so the foot is flat on the floor.
5. Keeping the hand against the cheek, pull the far leg to roll them towards you onto their side; bend the top leg at a right angle.
6. Tilt the head back gently and lift the chin to keep the airway open.
7. Call 112 if no one has; keep checking their breathing and response until help arrives.

When to refer: red, amber, green

(Teaching table built from the warning signs in NHS Stroke, NHS Heart Attack, NHS Dehydration and NHS Pressure Ulcers, and the St John Ambulance first aid pages cited above.)

Records: if it is not written, it did not happen

Daily notes: rules

Incident report (for a fall, injury, abuse concern, medicine missed or refused): what happened, when, where, who was there, what you did, who you told, and your signature.

Check yourself

1. What does FAST stand for?
2. What number do you call in Ghana for an ambulance?
3. Rewrite this note so it is factual: "Kofi was in a bad mood and didn't eat."

Competency standard

Range. The trainee's own plan. Evidence. Costing sheet; one-page profile; written task agreement.

Where the work is

Location settings that give good returns.

What carers earn

Ghana pay data for carers is thin. A salary survey site showed carers in Ghana earning roughly GH¢1,288 to GH¢4,045 a month (gross) for the middle 80%, from fewer than 20 verified responses, so treat it as a rough guide only. The national daily minimum wage for 2026 is GH¢21.77. No one should pay you less than this for a day's work.

Small business ideas

Cost and price your visits

Agree the work in writing

Before you start, write down with the family (both keep a copy):

Market yourself

• Profile: a one-page profile with your photo, your training (this course and any first aid certificate), your experience, the areas you cover, and two references (a pastor, teacher, former employer or family you helped).
• WhatsApp Business: a short profile, your services and hours, and a polite message template. Never post photos of clients or their homes.
• Word of mouth: churches, mosques, women's groups, hospital social workers, pharmacies and clinics.
• Be honest: say clearly that you are a trained carer, not a nurse.
• Look the part: clean, tidy clothes, short nails, punctual, phone off during personal care.

Accessibility

Ghana's Persons with Disability Act says an employer must not discriminate against an employee or applicant because of disability unless the disability is relevant to the job, and must provide the working tools and facilities a disabled worker needs. The District Assemblies' disability fund rose from 3% to 5% in 2026 and is shifting towards skills training, assistive devices and start-up capital. Persons with disabilities can do many caregiving tasks well:

• Workable for many: companionship and conversation; reading to someone with sight loss; reminder calls and phone check-ins; meal preparation at a seated work table; record keeping; teaching sign language to a family; supervising and checking care plans; welcoming visitors.
• Adjustments that help: a seated work station; a talking or large-display timer and clock; written and picture instructions; a vibrating phone alert for a deaf carer; working in pairs so a partner does the heavy moves.
• Not suitable for everyone: turning and transferring people, and bathing heavy or immobile clients, need a strong, stable posture. Share those tasks or use equipment.

A carer with a disability often understands clients very well. Say so on your profile.

Check yourself

1. Why must the "tasks you will not do" be written in your agreement?
2. What was Ghana's daily minimum wage in 2026?
3. Name two caregiving tasks well suited to a person who uses a wheelchair.

1. Give two ways to protect a person's dignity during a bed bath.
2. Name three tasks a carer must never do.
3. How long does WHO say handrubbing should take?
4. Do gloves replace hand hygiene? Explain.
5. Why must you never use the drag lift?
6. Where on the body do pressure sores usually form?
7. Under UK NICE guidance, how often at least should an adult at high risk of pressure ulcers change position?
8. Name two signs of dehydration in an older person.
9. Give three tips for talking with someone who has dementia.
10. What does each letter of FAST mean?
11. What is Ghana's general emergency number?
12. Name three things that should be in a written agreement with a family.

Best next reads: WHO's iSupport for dementia carers (free download); the WHO hand hygiene brochure; the NHS (UK) "care and support" pages on moving and handling; a certified first aid course; the Hub's Inclusive Training and Workplace Safety manuals; Caregiving for Older and Disabled People Level 2.

What this module does not cover: nursing tasks of any kind; care plans and risk assessment (Level 2); equipment such as hoists and slide sheets in depth (Level 2); end-of-life care (Level 2); running a care agency (Level 3).

Every source used in this manual is listed, with links, in the Teacher Copy.